Sacrifice in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson and Rocking...

The point of view of tradition in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is the normal once of year gathering on the townspeople. This gathering is held in order to pick, via a lottery drawing, to decide who in the town is going to be stoned to death. â€Å"The people of the village began to gather in the square, between the post office and the bank, around ten o’clock; in some towns there were so many people the lottery took two days and had started on June 26th, but in this village, where there were only about three hundred people, and the whole lottery took less than two hours, so it could begin at ten o’clock in morning and still be through in time to allow the villagers to get home for noon dinner.† (Kennedy Gioia, 2013, pp. 251). The fact†¦show more content†¦237). By riding his rocking horse Paul is able to predict the winner of horse races at the track. He uses this ability in an attempt to provide for the family. In doing this he tries to assume h is father’s in an attempt to please his mother and the household’s constant whispering the need for more money. â€Å"I started it for mother. She said she had no luck, because father is unlucky, so I thought if I was lucky, it might stop whispering.† (Kennedy Gioia, 2013, pp. 240) even as Paul is dying he is still consumed with trying fill the role of a provider for his mother, â€Å"I never told you, mother, that if I can ride my horse and get there, then I’m absolutely sure – oh, absolutely! Mother, did I ever tell you? I am lucky!† [†¦] â€Å"But the boy died in the night.† (Kennedy Gioia, 2013, pp. 245). Paul’s death was a sacrifice to please his mother, who put her desires for money and material things above the love of her children. When we compare and contrast the death of Tessie Hutchinson and Paul from a fictional view we can see several issues. Tessie Hutchinson’s death is a traditional practice that links families and generations in the story together, when it is held in June. This ceremony is about taking a life for the harvest. â€Å"Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon.† (Kennedy Gioia, 2013, pp. 254) For the townspeople it is easy to kill someone when it done in a ritualistic and traditional drawing such as aShow MoreRelatedPlay Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesComparing the two short stories â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, and â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner,† By D.H. Lawrence, the two authors utilize symbols and themes to illustrate their stories with the main idea behind them both is that winning will not always result in a positive light. In the story â€Å"The Lottery,† by Shirley Jackson, the fictional story is written about a town tradition in which annually they draw one person’s name to be the winner of the lottery. This person is stoned to death by theRead MoreThe Lottery vs. the Rocking-Horse Winner1286 Words   |  6 PagesOutline Title: â€Å"The Lottery vs. The Rocking-Horse Winner† I. Introduction A. In what ways are the two shorts stories by Shirley Jackson and D.H. Lawrence similar and different. B. In â€Å"The Lottery vs. The Rocking-Horse Winner† we are analyzing the similarities and differences in setting from a fictional viewpoint between these two short stories. II. Body A. What are the settings of these two short stories, 1. Where do they take place 2. When do they take place 3. What similarities and differencesRead MoreFiction Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pagesintriguing and somewhat tragic short stories is that of D.H. Lawrence’s, â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† and Shirley Jackson’s, â€Å"The Lottery†. With the classic theme of â€Å"luck† and what that means in each story, we see two very different meanings as these two stories unfold. In â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner†, we see the protagonist, Paul, who endlessly searches and somewhat attains luck in his search for his mother’s monetary desire. Within the lines of â€Å"The Lottery†, however, we see a quaint satirical setting ofRead MoreThe Lottery And The Rocking Horse Winner852 Words   |  4 Pagesfiguring out what is part of the missing puzzle. In The Lottery and The Rocking-Horse Winner, authors Shirley Jackson and D.H. Lawrence employ symbolism and allegory to demonstrate the underlining deeds of secrecy as well as allude to the fateful unknown in the characters’ lives. Authors Jackson and Lawrence use symbolism as a device to bring to light the cherished items that have a symbolic message for each individual. In The Lottery, the black box represented tradition for the townspeopleRead MoreThe Rocking Horse Winner By. Lawrence Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pagescontribute to the end result, the resolution. Through â€Å"The Rocking-Horse Winner† by D.H. Lawrence pushed the idea of excessive want and the effect towards family, but creates mystery and adventure through the protagonist. Mr. Burroughs’s â€Å"No Defense for ‘The Rocking-Horse Winner’† illustrates the effectiveness of the lack of information to promote imaginative qualities for the reader. Also, Allegory and the Death of the Heart in the Rocking-Horse Winner † by Mr. Koban pushes the aspect of delusion of the

Lord Of The Flies - Role Of Gender Essay - 892 Words

What was it that caused the aggression and dominance exhibited by the boys of Lord of the Flies? Was it some metaphysical, spiritual force, or perhaps their genetic makeup? Could it have been the influence of their peers or families, or was it the media that inspired this dangerous pattern? Conceivably, their gender had something to do with this appalling trait. It all begs the question, would the same experiences have occurred had females been stranded on the island instead of males? Had females been in a similar situation as the boys in Lord of the Flies, they would have fared abundantly better. Initially, this paper will address society’s role in encouraging males’ violent behavior, as well as females’ politeness and passivity.†¦show more content†¦With the influences of society’s stereotyping, girls would generally more nurturing and caring towards group members. A lot of males’ violent behavior and females’ complaisance can be accredited to family and institutional socialization. Parents usually raise boys on aggressive sports, such as hockey and football, which encourage violence. Girls, however, are generally brought up on quot;femininequot; activities, dance and figure skating to name a few, which promote a gentle, polite nature. It is the rare parent that heeds their four-year-old son’s aspiration to be a ballet dancer by purchasing the child a pair of tights and a leotard. When a boy shows more interest in dolls than in trucks, his family may be distressed, and provoke him to reveal his quot;masculinequot; side. After striving for egalitarianism between the sexes for so many years, families still deter young girls from pursuits of hockey stardom, hoping to interest them in Pointe shoes. Displays of emotion by boys are often criticized for being quot;unmasculinequot;, whereas emotional behavior in girls tends to be e xpected and accepted. As a result, boys tend to not only hide their feelings, but criticize friends for showing their emotions. Girls, on the other hand, encourage one another to express feelings and console one another naturally. Research shows that boys and girls have different means of reachingShow MoreRelatedThe Lord of the Flies by William Golding776 Words   |  3 PagesThe novel Lord of the Flies presents the themes of evil and sin as an innate, inevitable and negative feature throughout the novel, similar to the play The Crucible. William Golding uses Lord of the Flies as an allegory to present evil and sin through different symbols within the novel, with boys being trapped on an island. Arthur Miller presents evil and sin through a contextual, Puritan society within various characters. Even though both writers present these themes, Golding presents it in theRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1724 Words   |  7 PagesLord of the â€Å"Guys†: A Feminist Reading of Lord of the Flies CRASH! A plane crashes full of people near an island. The plane is full of grown-ups and children ¾young boys to be exact. Surprisingly, all the grown-ups die and only the young boys survive and discover themselves on an island, in a jungle. Their survival lies only in their young, inexperienced hands. The boys form a society, an all male society. No need for girls right? WRONG! Many might think that a feminist critic would have little ifRead MoreAnalysis Of Lord Of The Flies And Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1208 Words   |  5 Pagesit. The novels, Lord of The Flies by William Golding and The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, demonstrate this prospect as through the narrative techniques of characterisation, plot, setting and style, they exemplify the moral decline of man under pressure to survive, ultimately resulting in savagery. Characterisation plays a major role in both texts as each character serves as a representation humanity and the faults within it. Throughout Lord of the Flies there is a developingRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1466 Words   |  6 PagesLord of the Flies is a very interesting novel about young boys who are stranded on an island. William Golding conducts the ultimate thought of experimenting human nature. When he places the group of boys on a deserted island, Golding wants to find the defects of human nature at the root. However, his experiment lacks control, because the boys have already been raised in the Western culture. Their temptations for war and destruction are because of the events that surrounded them in their earlyRead MoreLord Of The Flies : Representation Of Violence And War1611 Words   |  7 PagesLord Of The Flies: Representation Of Violence and War Dietrich Bonhoeffer, a German theologian, states that â€Å" The ultimate test of a moral society is the kind of world that it leaves to its children.† In William Golding’s Lord Of The Flies, societal topics run rampant throughout the text with Golding’s use of individuals to represent different aspects of society. Many writers view the Lord Of The Flies as an allegory, as societal topics such as politics make appearances throughout the text. InRead MoreLord of The Flies Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesLord of the Flies was published in 1954 by William Golding. Today Lord of the Flies is a well known literary criticism. Many schools require their students to read Lord of the Flies because of the literary criticisms in the book. In this paper three themes or literary criticisms are talked about: good vs. evil, symbolism of characters, and maturity of characters. Another topic in Goldings Lord of the Flies is the battle of good vs. evil. Everything seems to start out just fine on the island; theRead MoreSummary Of Lord Of The Flies 1541 Words   |  7 PagesKevin Luu AP Lit-B3 Ms.Anders Summer Novel Reading Questions 1.Golding,William. Lord of the Flies. Faber and Faber,1954 2.The title Lord of the Flies is referring to Beelzebub which is another name for the devil. This title is fitting for the story because typically flies surround something that is filthy or dirty,and in the story the boys on the island progressively become more dirty as the story progresses which reflects the innate evil that is in all of them. 3.The boys who are marooned onRead More Gender Roles in Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare Essay857 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare, there is an overlaying presence of the typical roles that men and women were supposed to play. During Elizabethan times there was a major difference between the way men and women were supposed to act. Men typically were supposed to be masculine and powerful, and defend the honor. Women, on the other hand, were supposed to be subservient to their men in their lives and do as ever they wished. In Romeo and Juliet the typical gender roles that men and women were supposed to play had an influenceRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Long Queen And The Map Women1250 Words   |  5 Pagesto the failure or the absence of relationships that is both physical and mental suffering from desolation. In the first stanza Duffy uses the technique of asyndetic listing of all the potential suitors that the monarch could have married like the lord, the baronet, the c ount, instead she has accepted Time for a husband. Duffy personifies Time as she gives it a capital letter resembling a name, it also embodies how the queen left it too late to marry, instead married her people and gave up seekingRead MoreThe Long Queen And The Map Women By Carol Ann Duffy1254 Words   |  6 Pagesto the failure or the absence of relationships that is both physical and mental suffering from desolation. In the first stanza Duffy uses the technique of asyndetic listing of all the potential suitors that the monarch could have married like the lord, the baronet, the count, instead she has accepted Time for a husband. Duffy personifies Time as she gives it a capital letter resembling a name, it also embodies how the queen left it too late to marry, instead married her people and gave up seeking

Cell Phones Free Essays

Cell phones should be permitted in classrooms for educational purposes. Having cell phones in an environment that is already geared towards learning opens the opportunity to teach safety and manners for the devices. Teachers can explain in detail to their students how to remain safe on the internet and how to utilize it to its fullest ability. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phones or any similar topic only for you Order Now This presents the ideal circumstances for addressing issues such as cyberbullying and online predators as well as how to avoid or properly deal with these topics. The school also can monitor and control what sites students may visit, and it protects them from off-topic or detrimental websites. In addition to safety, instructors may lead lectures on etiquette associated with these devices (http://www.schoolmoney.org). Using technology in the classroom is useful for recording and recalling information. Ken Halla found that his students turned in their homework more often when they were using their devices to remind themselves of their homework. By using the devices as reminders, the students were able to combat their forgetfulness and raise their grades as they had begun to complete their assignments (http://neatoday.org). Another teacher, Sherri Story, uses smart phones to administer group quizzes in which a total of six phones are used, so all the students get a chance to participate and work together. She finds that the students have all the information they need at their fingertips and can find answers that even she does not know almost immediately. The students can share notes and assignments that their classmates may have missed in a previous period, which allows the absent student just as much time to work on a given topic as his peers and no excuse for not completing assignments (https://pilotonline.com). Implementing a ‘Bring Your Own Device,’ or ‘BYOD’ policy can be cost-effective for schools that are underfunded. For schools that cannot afford many computers; laptops; or tablets, having students bringing in their own devices, even if they must be shared, saves the school from expending money that it does not have (http://neatoday.org). Additionally, a study, led by Joshua Littenberg-Tobias and Vincent Cho, showed that when students’ devices were utilized for learning in Boston College, the teachers saw improvement in the learning abilities of their students (https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org). Because the use of technology has grown exponentially over the years, the quantity of educationally focused applications has grown. Apps, such as Remind101, are used to remind students of upcoming assignments while websites like Poll Everywhere can be used to determine what materials a class needs to review before assessments and what it does not. Other apps, such as dictionary or reference apps are quick and easy to use, cutting down on the time needed to search for information so that more time may be spent on learning (http://www.nea.org). Certain apps such as Kahoot are tailored to make learning in all subjects enjoyable, entertaining, and like a game, which helps some students learn better than simply sitting through a lesson without understanding (https://education.cu-portland.edu). Cellular devices may be used by children that would otherwise not ask for assistance. They may by utilized by disabled children to communicate with everyone else and give them a sense of normality. They may also be used by students who are too shy or nervous to ask for help in front of their entire class. These students may fear that they will be considered stupid if they ask for help, so the anonymity gives them the confidence they need to receive the additional attention they need. Moreover, when students are placed into groups to complete projects, none of them are singled out because they do not own a smartphone. All students in a group work together, using a single device (https://www.edutopia.org). Permitting cell phones in an academic setting would be a wise decision, despite its drawbacks, which are easily remedied. How to cite Cell Phones, Papers

Double modals as single lexical items in American English free essay sample

Double Modal auxiliary verbs as Single Lexical Items In American English. An of import job faced by modern surveies of the American English subsidiary verbs is forestalling the loop of modals as in sentence: 1. I could mustmake that. In general, there have been two chief attacks for governing out such sequences of modals: the Phrase-Structure ( P-S ) regulation attack based on the Auxiliary analysis which relies on P-S regulations incorporating merely one modal per surface clause ; and the subcategorization attack as a portion of the Main Verb analysis, which assumes that modals are finite signifiers and are subcategorized for root signifiers. One job that both types of analyses face is that there are big Numberss of English talkers in the USA, most notably in the South Midland and Southern United States, who on a regular basis use dual modals ( D-M ) . 2.I Don # 8217 ; t think I have any grants you might couldapply for. 3.We might cantravel up at that place following Sunday. 4.I may couldat Finger # 8217 ; s. 5.You know, if you drank a half a drink, you might oughtatravel ho- me and kip it off. 6.This thing here I might shouldbend over to Ann. 7.How is it no 1 might non wouldnotice that but Ann? 8.Well, one time we get under manner, it shouldn # 8217 ; t oughtatake us really long. Leting for dual modals might look to be a simple affair of loosen uping the limitations on the loop of modals. Therefore, for these idioms, the Auxiliary analysis would hold an alternate P-S regulation leting two or more modals, and the Main Verb analysis would let modals to hold root forms.However, such simple solutions are non equal when assessed against informations collected in Texas from DM talkers. This information as a whole indicates that simply loosen uping the limitations of either the P-S analysis or the subcategorization analysis will non adequately account for the talkers # 8217 ; intuitions about or production of DM # 8217 ; s.In fact, weakening the limitations of either of these two analyses would make little more than generate unrestricted sequences of modals. Such a effect is debatable since the Texas information indicates that DM idioms have important syntactic and semantic limitations. While being regional, dual modals are rather of import phenome-non. A big per centum of the U.S. population uses them. Almost every native talker of the Southern Midland and Southern dialect countries utilizations at least one DM at least on occasion. Besides, there are two facts proposing that the implicit in constructions of individual and dual modal idioms are really similar.First, from the point of view of structural dialectology, DM # 8217 ; s are apprehensible to talkers of individual modal idioms, so the construction of DM idioms must be compatible with those of individual modal idioms. Second, some Northerners who migrate to Texas get down to utilize DM # 8217 ; s within a twelvemonth of their reaching, demoing that Northern English can easy suit DM # 8217 ; s. SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS Both the unconstrained phrase-structure and subcategorization analyses predict that all combinations of DM # 8217 ; s are acceptable. There are the nine modals, can, could, may, might, should, will, would, ought to,must, and the quasi-modals, better( as in had better, # 8216 ; d better) , need, supposed to, used to,attested in DM # 8217 ; s, and harmonizing to analysis, there are 156 possible combinations with them. Here are the most common: may could might would might say to may can might break might # 8217 ; ve used to may will might hold better may necessitate to may should can might break can may supposed to used to could might woulda should oughta musta coulda had oughta might could would break might oughta could might might can oughta could might should may utilize to In general, the DM combinations are purely ordered. e.g: may can, but non can may. The exclusions to this are could might, can might. Typically, the first modal is mayor might. There is by and large one sense ( or sometimes two related senses ) that is ( are ) preferred for each DM while other senses are by and large rejected or treated indifferently. In the instance of might could # 8220 ; ability # 8221 ; . The # 8220 ; possibility # 8221 ; is ranked low, and the # 8220 ; permission # 8221 ; sense is someplace in between. Therefore, Double Modal auxiliary verbs could be semantically described as follows: Might could # 8220 ; ability # 8221 ; : Noone could state if he was covering with them or non, but Bill might couldstate the instance of his reaching. # 8220 ; permission # 8217 ; : She is a really polite three-year-old.Yesterday she asked If she might couldwrite on the walls. # 8220 ; possibility # 8221 ; : There might couldbe H2O in that old well. Might should # 8220 ; duty # 8221 ; : They are merely realized that they forgot to direct an invitation to John. # 8220 ; We might should # 8217 ; ve invited John. # 8220 ; obligation/suggestion # 8221 ; : You might shouldbend this to Ann. # 8220 ; logical possibility # 8221 ; : Jim normally gets place at approximately 5:30, but it is 6:00 And he is non at place yet.He might shouldbe place by now. Might oughta # 8220 ; duty # 8221 ; : We might oughtainvite him to our party. # 8220 ; obligation/suggestion # 8221 ; : You might non oughtacall him. # 8220 ; logical possibility # 8221 ; : It is four O # 8217 ; clock and Mary merely put a pie in the oven. The pie might oughtabe done by five. Might would # 8220 ; conjectural # 8221 ; : I might wouldhavedone it if he would state me to. # 8220 ; anticipation # 8221 ; : I asked him if he might wouldhold it ready by one O # 8217 ; clock. # 8220 ; accustomed # 8221 ; : John is remembering his childhood: # 8221 ; On Sundays we might wouldsee our grandparents. Preferences FOR SENSES OF DOUBLE MODALS Due the persons # 8217 ; will the 2nd portion of a dual modal may change, hence, the whole modal building changes its significance. That is because some senses are preferred over others in a 2nd modal. Furthermore the informations indicate that there is no simple generalisation that can be made refering which senses are the most acceptable. For case, although the root senses are preferred over the epistemological 1 for mightcouldand might oughta( the # 8220 ; duty # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; obligation/suggestion # 8221 ; from the one portion and the # 8220 ; logical possibility # 8221 ; from the other ) this generalisation does non keep for might couldor might would. In the instance of might could, # 8220 ; ability # 8221 ; , a root sense, is more acceptable than # 8220 ; permission # 8221 ; , another root sense, and # 8220 ; possibility # 8221 ; , an epistemological sense. Finally, for might would # 8220 ; conjectural # 8221 ; , the most epistemological sense, is slightly preferred over # 8220 ; anticipation # 8221 ; and decidedly preferred over # 8220 ; accustomed # 8221 ; , the most root-like sense. Because of this state of affairs, se-mantis dealingss must be stated individually for each Double Modal. The DM # 8217 ; s syntactic and semantic belongingss analysis shows that Double Modal auxiliary verbs have limitations in their sentence structure and significances that the corresponding individual modals may non hold. Furthermore, the limitations are idiosyncratic: a regulation that applies to one DM may non be applicable to another 1. Therefore, a syntactic solution of the DM job is improbable because DMs don # 8217 ; t act every bit simple combinations of their constituent parts as would be expected if they were syntactically combined. THE TENSE IN DOUBLE MODAL CONSTRUCTIONS The tense specification for individual modals in contemporary English is slightly ill-defined. On the one manus, there are some contexts where merely the past-tense signifiers of some of the theoretical accounts are acceptable for most talkers of American English, as in the undermentioned duologue: Why did he lose the all-round jock competition last month? Well, he was first-class in everything else, but he can # 8217 ; t/couldn # 8217 ; Tswim across the river that twenty-four hours. Although some talkers will besides happen this difference for mightas opposed to may, or, will accept mayin this context: I am non certain what the job was. But he may/mighthold had excessively much to eat before the race. The behavior of mayand mightis non unusual for the contemporary modals, which ( except for canand will) can normally be used in past tense contexts, or in present, future, or dateless action 1s: She mighthold eaten that last piece of bar. You wouldhold been merely as angry. George couldhave been more polite around his female parent. That adult female mayhold been his mother-in-law. It couldbe ready by 6 O # 8217 ; clock. You shouldvisit Rome in the spring. In malice of the fact that some past contexts freely allow both past and present signifiers of the modals, there are other contexts which are more acceptable with past than with present: I talked to Jim merely before he left for Dallas last hebdomad. A: He thought that he couldacquire there in clip. Bacillus: He thought that he canacquire there in clip. As to Double Modals, their job is more hard. They could be conventionally subdivided the two groups: Tense-mixed and Tense-matched 1s. The first group comprises DMs whose first and 2nd parts are specified otherwise for tense: e.g. may could alternatively of holding the same tense specification as it is in the 2nd gro- up: e.g: may can Although the present every bit good as the past signifiers of the modals seem to be acceptable, Tense-matched signifiers should be more acceptable than Tense-mixed 1s if both modals are sensitive to strain specification. While comparing the two DMs from diverse tense-groups, may couldand may can,in a past context, the Tense-mixed DM could be found more acceptable than the Tense-matched 1. That is likely because may couldhas at least some past-tense marker. However, this formisn # 8217 ; t every bit acceptable as it is found to be in state of affairss in which the contextdoesn # 8217 ; t curtail the action to the yesteryear. If the action is limited to the yesteryear, it is more common to utilize both modals in the same ( here by ) tenseunderlying this manner the certainty of the yesteryear: e.g: may could might could e.g: It scared him because he might canhold died. It scared him because he might couldadied. ( more preferred discrepancy ) So, it is specific for DMs to alter their tense harmonizing to the con- text, though be givening to the Tense-matched signifier bespeaking both modals are sensitive to strain specifications. Lexical CHARACTERISTICS OF DOUBLE MODALS Double Modal auxiliary verbs are syntactically constructed sequences of individual modals. Therefore, they should be analyzed as two-word lexical points, like compound nouns, Ve rubidium + Particle buildings, Verb + Adjective const-ructions, or parlances. At first the DMs may look a misdemeanor of the regulation of non-iteration in the Auxiliary verbs use, but that is non so. While deducing from the individual modals, the DMs still organize a specific lexico-grammatical portion of the linguistic communication and have their ain features. The best manner to demo that the vocabulary is the proper grammatical constituent for covering with the specialnesss inherent in DMs is to develop an analogy between multiword lexical points and DMs. For all that they have at least three types of belongingss in common: 1. Non-productivity 2. A combination of both unit-like and non-unit-like behavior 3. Syntactic and semantic abnormalities These belongingss are common merely in sets of related lexical ( non syntactic ) buildings. Each of them will be discussed in general and so applied in peculiar to DMs. 1.NON-PRODUCTIVITY A distinct illustration of the non-productive multiword lexical construct- commotions are the English Verb-Adjective 1s. These lexical units have their steady form, so they can # 8217 ; t be altered or reformed by will. e.g: to hammer level, to pass over clean,etc. In malice that holding an correspondent lexical signifier, buildings of this type shouldn # 8217 ; tbe confused with the simple combinations of verbs and adjectives such as to hammer unit of ammunition ( good, strongly, # 8230 ; )or to pass overimmaculate ( exhaustively, quietly ). e.g: Margaret hammeredit level. Margaret hammeredit good. Mary wipedit clean. Mary wipedit immaculate. The Verb-Adjective buildings are non syntactically constructed, that, s they are non-productive. Otherwise, any adjectival should be able to follow any verb, that is perfectly unacceptable for non-productive-ness. DMs are non-productive, excessively. It is clearly seen in that non all possible DMs are recognized by all DM users. This applies both to single differences among talkers in a address community and different Ces among speech communities. Therefore, it is normal when many individuals who rejected might wouldaccept might could. It means that some DMs are far more common than others. DM talkers from different parts may hold different DMs in their repertory, but all DM talkers have a certain set of DMs. If DMs were non non-productive, that # 8217 ; s syntactically constructed, all the people who use them would bring forth the same set of them. Alternatively, the talkers seemingly have learned or prefer merely peculiar DMs. In this point larning DMs is tantamount to larning vocabulary. 2. UNIT-LIKE AND NON-UNIT-LIKE BEHAVIOUR A 2nd feature of multiword lexical buildings is that they can exhibit a combination of unit-like and non-unit-like behavior. It means that syntactic and morphological regulations sometimes treat these lexical points as one word and sometimes as more than one. Verb-Particle buildings are good illustrations of this phenomenon: to do up, to acquire over, to quiet down, to exchange on,etc. In malice of ot- her grounds ( particularly semantic grounds ) that they would be treated as lexical points, the well known regulation of Particle Shift allows the constituents of Verb-Particle buildings to be nonadjacent in surface construction: e.g: Please, aftermathme upearlier tomorrow. He will surely acquireall this obstructions over. Switchthe light down! Furthermore, at least one adverb, right, can besides disrupt the compo- nents of some Verb-Particle buildings: e.g: She came rightback. Equally shortly as we got the computing machine started, it broke rightdown Morphologically, Verb-Particle buildings frequently have idiosyncra- tic features. Although tense morphemes attach to the Verb, e.g: It pickedup the door. and the nominalizing morpheme -ercan attach to both elements ; e.g: garage door chooserupper Other multiword lexical points are besides sometimes treated as units by the morphology: Smith and Wessoned( shooting ) . On the contrary, Verb-Adjective buildings neer act as a unit every bit far as morphology is concerned. The adjectives can take comparative clauses and the attach toing morphology while the verbs take the appropriate verbal morphemes: e.g: Mary hammeredit flatterthan of all time today. He wipedit cleanerthan I thought. He shot it deaderthan a doornail. DMs, in their bend, behave likewise to most multiword lexical points: sometimes they act as units and sometimes they do non. For illustration, Adverb arrangement can follow the DM bespeaking that they are moving as a unit: e.g: I might couldsublegallyacquire it for you. or disrupt DM bespeaking that they can move like separate words: e.g: I mightmerelycouldn # 8217 ; Tsee it. If we had known, we maystillcouldhold done it. Another syntactic regulation that can handle DMs as separate words is the Non-Productive Auxiliary Inversion. Questions built harmonizing to this regulation may incorporate a DM constituent where merely the 2nd modal is inverted: e.g: Could you mighthappen you a place someplace? However, there are instances when all three possible types of inversion 2nd modal merely, foremost modal merely, and both modals as a unit # 8211 ; are present: e.g: Might shouldwe have invited Jim? In general, the type of inversion depends to a great extent on the peculiar DM involved. Here are most preferred discrepancies of the DM inquiry buildings: for might couldCould+ Subject + might? ( 81 % ) for might shouldMightshould+ Subject? ( 55 % ) for might oughtaMight+ Subject + oughta? ( 58 % ) the most acceptable inversion type for might wouldis: Would+ Subject + might? ( 63,6 % ) Negative arrangement can besides either treat DMs as a unit, bring forthing terminal negation ( type 1 ) : e.g: I was afraid you might couldn # 8217 ; Thappen it. or as separate elements bring forthing median negation ( type 2 ) : e.g: The female parent might should nonset a cover over her babe. I don # 8217 ; t hear excessively good. I think possibly I better put it on or I might noncouldunderstand you. Different DMs show differential penchant for these two types of negation. The penchant for might could and might oughta is median negation. In the responses incorporating the negation of these two DMs, the overpowering bulk of users preferred to state might non couldand might non oughta, severally. On the other manus, people who accepted sentences incorporating negated might shouldor might wouldpreferable terminal negation: might should not/n # 8217 ; Tand might would not/n # 8217 ; T. In malice that end place is clearly preferred for DM responses with the Past tense or irrealis have, some persons accepted median arrangement. Furthermore, for a little figure of DM talkers, both negation and havecan repeat within a DM so that they can look in both median and end place at the same time: e.g: He might noncouldn # 8217 ; Tbe at place now. He mightashould holdgotten place by now. Another regulation affecting morphology and DMs is tense Concord, as discussed above. Other indicants that tense dainties DMs as units is that the verbal elements following the DM are about neer marked for tense, nor does hold of all time look in quality of such undermentioned verbs. In other words, tense and have can repeat in this regional assortment of English, but merely within the DM, going this manner rather complicate for a syntactic intervention of DMs. 3. SEMANTIC AND SYNTACTIC IRREGULARITIES The 3rd feature of multiword lexical points is that of semantic and syntactic abnormalities. Multiword lexical buildings such as parlances and compound words have rather an unpredictable nature of their semantics, so the most available and traditional agencies in their survey is the vocabulary. For illustration, throw cold H2O and blackboard exhibit such semantic distinctive features ; He is ever throwing cold H2Oon my thoughts. I prefer the green chalkboards. Until late the word chalkboard had merely the compound type of semantics. This type of semantics has a tendency to curtail the full scope of this compound word # 8217 ; s significance. That is, a chalkboard was a black-coloured board used as a blackboard, non merely any black-coloured board. Now, nevertheless, since chalkboard can besides mention to a green blackboard, the word begins to get the idiom-type, alleged noncompositional semantics. Individual DMs have many similar traits with multiword lexical buildings in specific limitations on their semantics. These limitations, even if they show some systemacity, are normally referred to the vocabulary. Multiword lexical combinations typically exhibit syntactic irregulari- Neckties as good. For illustration, parlances are normally non as syntactically flexible as their actual signifiers: Her male parent laid the jurisprudence downwhen she came home tardily. He blewsome steam offafter he got place. DMs besides have some specific syntactic belongingss, some of which were already discussed. One point that hasn # 8217 ; t been made is that positive declaratory DMs are more acceptable to a greater per centum of the population than negated or inverted DMs are. Decision In malice of being exclusively regional phenomenon, Double Modal auxiliary verbs are important and normally acknowledged realia of Modern American English. Like the other multiword modals ( such as would instead) they are taking their ain map in human communicating procedures. As to multiword modals # 8217 ; ascription, they serve as necessary, basic looks for all idioms of English. Thus, all idioms of English, both # 8220 ; dual modal # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; individual modal # 8221 ; 1s, have such a set of looks, and they do non differ qualitatively. The difference is quantitative 1: Double Modal idioms have more of these multiword modals. There is besides no uncertainty that Double Modal auxiliary verbs have many common belongingss with other multiword lexical buildings. Furthermore, being lexical points they contribute to simplify the sentence structure of the Auxiliary system of the English linguistic communication. In general, it could be incorrect to see Double Modal auxiliary verbs as any sort of gram-mar deformation. Their grammatical signifier is steady and scientifically recognized.As to their stylistical definition, they could be instead attributed to Regional Colloquialisms than to Slang. Besides, while covering with them particular lingual attack is necessary and the context should be taken into history.

Walking Around By Pablo Neruda Essay Example For Students

Walking Around By Pablo Neruda Essay Pablo Neruda gives us a good example of Vanguard Literature in his poem WalkingAround. We can see the influence of surrealism in the poem because it does notrhyme at all, instead is an effort to express feelings and emotions in a freestyle. We can also see the existentialism idea as Neruda is bold and tells useverything that is in his mind. Neruda tells us what he thinks about society ingeneral. In this poem we can see that Neruda is tired of technology, he saysthat he no longer desires to see elevators, or merchandise, or movie theaters. He is tired of all the new inventions humans have made. He is tired of seeingthe same things over and over again wherever he goes. Same shoe shops, samestores, etc. In my opinion, he thinks that we have lost our individuality andthat we all own the exact same artifacts and we all want to have whatevereveryone else has. I also think that hes sorry that humans cannot appreciatethe beauty of nature, and are polluting it with factories, buildings, and alike. We will write a custom essay on Walking Around By Pablo Neruda specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Neruda grew up in the wilderness, and I think that he misses the wild landscapesand the fresh air he used to breath when he was a boy. The line that confused mewas when he says that it would be delicious to kill a nun. I thoughtthat because of his experience of loosing a friend during war, he would beagainst any kind of violence. But, I then I thought that since existentialismconsists of an active role of the will, and not the reason, Neruda was justbeing spontaneous. He probably was just trying to get out all that he felt, evenif this meant going to the extremes. Neruda was probably disappointed of the newinventions, and the destruction of nature and man itself. This poem clearlyshows that Neruda is tired of living in the world around him.

The Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy in USA

The Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy in USA The great recession that began in 2006 following the crumple of Lehman brothers, left the central bankers and superior economies in dilemma. The U.S government aggressively invented ways of curbing the devastating upshots of the depression. Among such outcomes were the disintegrations of the main financial marketplaces. Therefore, the government enacted numerous policies to curtail the vast recession (Yang 4).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy in USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sources indicate that, the policies would positively aid in diminishing the outcomes of recession. However, these guidelines would present some negative consequences to the state’s economy. This paper thus identifies the main policies enacted during that time, and explains the negative consequences emanating from such actions. A thorough examination on duty rates, in addition to â€Å"crowdi ng out† is vital in realizing the outcomes (Dennis 2). In February 2009, legislators enacted â€Å"The American recovery and reinvestment act (ARRA) of 2009† aimed at fighting the weaknesses in the country’s economy. The act reinforced numerous roles such as provision of finances to its states. The act aided in funding the edification and the transportation divisions. According to Dennis (2), the act funded projects and assisted the poor individuals in the society. Apart from the above functions, the act highly helped relief taxes imposed on commodities thus benefiting the business people and the consumers. However, the act led to numerous negative challenges. Sources indicate that, the act would have harmful effects on the economy and especially on micro economy. Dennis anticipates a reduction in the total output as estimated by â€Å"Congressional Budget Board† (CBO) (Dennis 2). The short-term economic stimulus proposed by different entities would finall y augment the total government debt. This would be due of the amplified in government outlay or returns reduction. Furthermore, during the recession session, individuals hold their wealth in a way not helpful in funding for private investment. It is probable that the increased debt would drastically lessen the amount of â€Å"productive private capital† (Dennis 2). Finally, the study suggests the â€Å"crowding out† of debt on the private ventures. According to CBO, each dollar for the arrears would â€Å"crowd out† to about a third of the total value of domestic capital (Dennis 2). Nevertheless, the CBO lacks the exact figures on the level of crowding out likely to occur in future. Therefore, while making the budget approximation, the CBO decides to incorporate both high and low levels of the crowding out. Additionally, the CBO anticipated amplification in employment opportunities but a decline in wages.Advertising Looking for essay on business economi cs? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The core reason behind the decline would be the inflated reduction in the GDP (Dennis 3). Furthermore, the ARRA would augment interest charges as the Federal Reserve tries to combat inflation. Although ARRA strives to counter the recession by combating the inflation levels, there exists a high possibility of its recurrence in future due to large amount of funds injected into the economy. In 2008, the U.S government endorsed â€Å"The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act† (Straus 4). This policy permitted the treasury department to provide more capital to the banks through procuring equities and mortgages from the distressed companies. It did not only accord the treasury the authority to provide the funds but also granted it additional powers. Even though the act played a striking part in reducing the effects of recession, it resulted to a number of limitations. These effects highly affected the executives of financial institutions selling the troubled possessions (Straus 6). The main types of limitations presented by the treasury were on home compensation usually rewarded by fiscal foundations selling the assets. Sources indicate that, direct buying of the troubled assets held by the organization took course instead of utilizing the bidding processes thus forcing the organization to satisfy certain compensation standards. Such standards fail to work in case of purchasing the assets through auctioning. The second limitation would arise from application of auction in purchasing the assets (Straus 7). The direct purchase also advocated for some limitations when compensating the executive officers. This would result to adverse effects to the financial institutions run by these bureaucrats. Furthermore, the act highly governed the process of parachute payments, compensation payments, thus an inflated tendency of recording losses that would result to slow growth of these institutions. In addition, the act prohibited any compensations provision to the employees’ wages (Straus 8). This to an extent would pose numerous challenges thus shortage of security for the cash. The â€Å"The Economic Stimulus Act (2008)† is a congress act enacted in 2008, a time when the effects of recession were at the peak (Yang 4). The congress realized the need to boost the American economy thus its implementation. It permitted the eligible taxpayers and married couples obtain high ratio of discount on the taxes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Monetary and Fiscal Policy in USA specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, other individuals who never paid dues but earned $ 3,000 and above qualified for these remunerations. It also benefited specific businesses through tax reduction. Despite the taxes reduction, the resultant effects of the policy would be devastating to th e U.S citizens residing in native countries. A current study conducted by professionals indicates challenges for both professionals and immigrants residing out of U.S due to the taxation system (Yang 6). The act demands for imbursement of duties even if one is out of United States. Therefore, a great proportion of individuals result to jettisoning the citizenship thus becoming citizens of the host nation, in an attempt to avoid double taxation. However, in other developed nations, people working abroad are held as non-residents thus illegible for taxation. Studies show that innumerable applications for citizenship termination languish at many American consulates prior to their processing. This depicts the reasons for adopting the permanent residence for the emigrants (Yang 7). Furthermore, the fiscal guidelines results to barriers thus inefficiency in international trading. With the accelerating growth in globalization, the America’s future competitiveness is likely to halt d ue to such policies. The policies enacted during the great recession period are likely to cause long-term consequences. According to Gale and Auerbach (2), the U.S national expenditure would tremendously grow in the next ten years. The 2009 fiscal year estimates indicated a growth in the total fund utilized for medical care purposes thus the imbalances amid the revenues and spending in future. However, the CBO professionals argued that, cutting down the expenditure on medical care, would help reduce the fiscal gap (Gale Auerbach 2). After a detailed scrutiny of the above propositions, realization of the anticipated goals require elongated time duration. Therefore, it reckons obvious that the policies endorsed during Bush leadership contributed significantly to the fiscal gap. Additionally, the research confirmed that the elevated fiscal gap would not trim down soon because of the fall in government payments and the increasing rate of taxation. The resulting outcome would be a long- standing national debt to the GDP ratio. However, proposals by diverse entities advising for diminishing interest rates that help lessen the size of the national debts upsurge would not aid bridge the fiscal gap (Gale Auerbach 3). Contrary to people’s expectations, reduction in interest rates only reduce the costs incurred in checking the debt. The policies enacted all through the economic downturn enhanced the spending. Sources indicate that this would eventually result into augmentation of interest rates. The result would be a fall in investment, therefore, a condition referred to as â€Å"crowding out† (Melvin Boyes 185). Contrary to the diverse types of transactions, investment is highly sensitive to alterations in the interest rates thus greatly affected by the fiscal policy changes.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, when the government incurs deficits, it resolves this through borrowing from other entities usually from overseas or issuances of bonds. Therefore, these bonds eventually result to the swell in interest rates. The boost in interest results to a decline in aggregate demand a condition highly contradicting the provisions of the fiscal policy. In addition, despite the government’s efforts of reducing inflation, it is apparent that time inconsistency would result. As predetermined by Melvin and Boyes (185), such policies would culminate into inflation due to the government’s efforts of increasing spending. Furthermore, the recent recession in the US resulted to tremendous job shortages (Melvin Boyes 196). To counter such challenges, most of the enacted policies aimed at creating more opportunities. However, such policies resulted to job scarcity because of inflation. Summarily, the government enacted numerous policies during the recession, which endeavored t o boost the economy growth. Despite the many benefits from these monetary and the fiscal policies, they also presented numerous short-runs as well as long-range challenges. Many of the acts formulated would result to low output, inflation and the rise in government debt. The amplification in interest rates on funds presents a decline in private investment. Furthermore, inflated government spending presented a dilemma on healthcare. However, despite the high proportion of consequences of the policies, the benefits associated with them are considerably more. Auerbach, Alan. Gale, William. The economic crisis and fiscal crisis: 2009 and beyond. 2009. Web. Dennis, Robert. Budget and economic outlook: Fiscal 2010 to 2020. Philadelphia, PA: DIANE Publishing, 2010. Print. Melvin, Michael. Boyes, William. Economics. New York, NY: Cengage learning, 2006. Print. Straus, Jacob. Lobbying the executive branch: current practices and options for change. Philadelphia, PA: DIANE Publishing, 2010. Print. Yang, Susan. Policies for increasing economic growth and employment in 2010 and 2011. Washington, DC: DIANE publishing, 2011. Print.

Innovation and Creativity and Enterprise Research Paper - 1

Innovation and Creativity and Enterprise - Research Paper Example Through illustrations to back up this statement, the article shows how viable this notion by Schumpeter is; decades after its realisation. Emirates Airline is the national flight company of the emirates of Dubai that was established in 1985. The airline is located at Dubai International Airport and it also serves the United Arab Emirates. With regard to the number of passengers ferried, Emirates Airline is the largest airline globally and the fastest developing with expansions across all continents. The fleet largely comprises of Airbus and Boeing crafts. The Airbus A830 is the prime passenger carrier in the fleet. The flights cover various destinations around the world such as: Middle East, Africa, South Asia, North America, Europe and Australasia. The air shipping segment serves over 40 terminuses (Centre for Aviation). The airline industry in the Middle East, like anywhere else is subject to cyclical fluxes. Emirates Airline has experienced various hurdles and overcome them to gain its current standing. Technological and economical innovation are a part of the strategies assumed by the airline in a bid to stay ahead of the competition. Joseph Schumpeter acknowledged innovation as the critical dimension of economic development. According to Joseph, market power and entrepreneurial activities rely on innovation for them to flourish. The short lifespan of certain technologies is the catalyst that provokes development in various industrial fields for it creates a temporary monopoly in the market that the rivals compete to outdo. He believed that the innovation process was driven by major firms that spared no expense in research and development undertakings (McGraw 2007, pp. 4-6). The innovation theory formulated by Joseph has in varied forms been implemented by Emirates Airline in its brand positioning and market entry approaches. In the

Wk 8 (31) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wk 8 (31) - Essay Example When talking to a client it is important to make sure that they are gaining insights into themselves and into their lives. By confronting the discrepancies that come up, a counselor helps the individual find those insights about themselves. Many times the client is not aware of their discrepancies because they are close to the situation. They may be exhibiting behaviors that they have used for a very long time and they may not know that these behaviors are destructive. They also may be attempting to move forward with their lives and not be aware of issues, behaviors or situations that may be stopping them from moving forward. When the counselor does confrontation well, the client is able to get to core issues that may be the reason why they are reacting in certain ways. As an example, an individual may think they are not getting work because of their appearance. In reality, they may not be getting work because they are going after jobs that they do not have the skills for or that are not jobs that they would like. Often clients can sabotage themselves by doing things that are counter to what they need to do to get what they want. In my opinion, confrontational skills are important to use to help the client move forward. They should be used after the counselor has built rapport with the client and when they have developed a comfortable space. Using confrontation too soon can result in losing a client or in creating more barriers for the client to work through. The client must be comfortable with the therapist in order for this skill to work and the counselor must be confident in confronting the client. Sheehy, R. (2002). Counseling skills can help you become an effective helper. The Florida Bar News. Retrieved October 26, 2009 from http://www.floridabar.org/

Capital Punishment Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capital Punishment Debate - Essay Example "Since 1994, states that have executed murderers have experienced the most rapid decline in homicide rates while states without capital punishment have seen an increase in murders (Tucker, 2001)." Capital Punishment Protester: People may fear death, but fear outweighed by anger toward another person is enough to push the criminal over the edge. A strong rage will inhibit a criminal's judgment and a murder will occur regardless of capital punishment. Studies may show a decline in murders in states with capital punishment but these numbers are a coincidence. Statistics have also shown that capital punishment does not deter criminal activity. "Consider the twenty-seven states where at least one execution occurred during the sample period. Executions deter murder in only six states. Capital punishment, however, actually increases murder in thirteen states, more than twice as many as experience deterrence. In eight states, capital punishment has no effect on the murder rate (Shepherd, 2005, pg 2003)." Capital Punishment Advocate: Capital punishment also makes law-abiding citizens safe. Execution of the criminal keeps the criminal from re-offending because an execution is permanent and the criminal will not be on the streets again. Future lives are saved because the criminal cannot harm another person after the prison sentence. Capital Punis

Web 2.0 Advantages and Disadvantages

Web 2.0 Advantages and Disadvantages Abstract: Web 2.0 can be described as different types of web applications which allow people to publish knowledge that they have created and also allow to share with other people as well as facilitating interoperability from any web application. This technology allows people to create, share, collaborate communicate. Web 2.0 does not require any technical skills to participate, This feature allows users to participate and use applications widely. For the last few years web 2.0 technologies are showing their clear impact on our world. Mainly these sites occupy lead role in terms of user density and also click density. The density of web 2.0 users is also getting increased day by day. So the means of communication between people and organizations changed from general print ads, television, radio, static websites etc to Web 2.0 applications. As we can target specific type of category, web 2.0 is the best way to communicate with people. So we can collaborate the whole process of communication like meetings, promotions, class rooms, support etc with web 2.0 applications. So organizations are trying to leverage on new web 2.0 technologies like Facebook, Secondlife, Youtube etc to improve their standards and also to get things done in fast manner. I have done research on how organizations leverage on new technologies to collaborate in every aspect of growth. I mainly focused on advertisement point of view as well as marketing point of view. I analyzed many web applications like Wikipedia, Slideshare, Youtube, Secondlife, facebook. Introduction: Background:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several organizations which are mainly operated by the people and for the people. Universities stand first in that position when compared to other fields like industries, factories etc. Here the world has been changing dramatically in such a way that people are seeking support from electronic world for their needs like to build new relationship, to gain knowledge and so on. Now internet has become the basic need for all people and it grabbed a reasonable amount of time from people. So universities now a days are planning to shift themselves partially or fully towards electronic world and collect attention of people to them selves for knowledge sharing. We are now in the age of using Web 2.0 technology where any one can communicate their opinions to any one. They really help us in communicating things to world in just fraction of seconds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Digital natives in the above diagram means people with digital knowledge background. People who possess knowledge about digital applications like mobiles, internet, digital communication etc. Information is being shared between people who are aware of internet. This is already in the use from the start of internet and internet is used by people who know internet only. Internet Economics means economy that moves on internet through different applications. Internet economics is not very new for us and now a days businesses are completely dependant on internet and most of the large scale trading are been done using internet in digital format only, which can carry some benefits. This scenario helps in good in the faster growth of business. Read / Write Web means the common platform where we can read the information and at the same time we can write our own information. In general internet scenario we can either read or write like viewing a website or uploading a website. In classrooms also we can either find learning things while supervisor demonstrates. We can not demonstrate while we learn in such a way that we can add amendments immediately. But using this Read/write technology we can add amendments as per our thinking. Combination of digital natives, Internet economics and Read/Write web will lead to Web 2.0 technology. The best example for this is Ebay where we can sell our products (internet economics) by adding them into catalog and people can review them instantly(read/write web) and the site will be used by people who know internet in their computer or smart phones(digital natives) Web 2.0 can easily generate huge knowledgebase within fraction of seconds. That Knowledgebase is the combination of people, technology and process. Huge knowledgebase is being produced using the Read / Write web technology, with Internet Economics process by millions of people who are hands together. The huge database thus created will be helpful for millions of people again. Web 2.0 is a relationship between Many People -to-Many People. In this pattern it is quite common that content will get changed very frequently and also many visitors follow frequently updated content only. In that situation no one wants to look at websites which are updated by admin once for a week. People requirement for huge knowledgebase demanded for the development of web 2.0 applications and as usage of those applications have increased, people started searching for business within those applications. An example for that is Wikipedia. Wikipedia will be getting updated very frequently by millions of volunteers and also is getting updated. This is how we are using read / write technology to collaborate. 1.2 : Background and brief history of Web 2.0 in Universities : Web 2.0 in universities: Even though web 2.0 revolution has started few years back, web 2.0 implementation is not 100% done for 100% of universities. Universities are trying different technologies to leverage their businesses. Universities need to walk more steps ahead defeating the odds like un-implementation. Issues in Web 2.0 implementation in Universities: Rejection of change (like using new technology for teaching) is playing key role in the process of slow implementation of web 2.0 technology. Students, Lecturers have their fear of using new technology because of un-implementation only. Another factor for slow adoption of Web 2.0 system is no motivational force, which actually occurs when no body implements well and lack of exact correct information about things. People are much aware of Web 1.0 technology only and they are fear using Web 2.0, this is also a factor for non-implementation of Web 2.0 technology. People are confident in using old type of teaching and learning assuming that it is the correct process and web 2.0 will not suit for teaching and learning. That created impression that Web 2.0 is not suitable for teaching. Copyrighted problems are another problem of using web 2.0 technology. We can not digitalize things because of copyrighted issues. As web 2.0 stands for openness and networks, there is no security for copyrights. Universities are facing problem using web 2.0 in that aspect. Fear of culture aversion to innovation: Large institutions can not implement web 2.0 as a whole for the entire organization because of several factors like bureaucracy, governance, procedures for decision-making. So it needs a lot of creativity and high motivation for the implementation of web 2.0 application for institutional cause. Barriers to the use of Web 2.0 technology: Fear of facing criticism: Managers in the top level who are decision makers are fear about facing criticism about the procedure of web 2.0 technology. The main cause for that is they cant experiment with people changing traditional model of teaching and learning. Fear of Security: As we all know it Web 2.0 is meant for openness and any one can create profiles with any name(which are available) and they can scrap anything that they want. So as fresher for Web 2.0 technology, managers cant risk keeping security aspect away from mind. Suppose if any university starts using web 2.0 in any social community like secondlife Security is main aspect there where we can signup with any lecturer username (if he/she have not taken yet) and may guide students wrongly. These type of instances will fear managers not to implement things. Elements for a strategy of web 2.0 adoption in universities: The adoption of a web 2.0 approach to learning in universities is a complex process confronting important technological, managerial and human barriers. For these reasons the design of a set of objectives and a strategy accepted and promoted by the managers, especially those in charge of knowledge management, is absolutely needed. This first step requires in many cases radical cultural changes for people used to work and make decisions in a different scenario. Learning from Experiences: Since we are in the stage of experimenting with Web 2.0. We can not expect tremendous results from this but we can find a path to move through this system very fast. Following leads in inner organizations: When we find inner organizations, some people will be more interested in using new technology and some will not. So people who have interest in Web 2.0 learn faster than others and they can show the path to make others learn about new technology. This will allow system to implement new technology. Learning from industry: when we consider similar institutions, only few institutions will take initiation and they will adopt new technologies which will help them in gaining fast experiences than others. So organizations which did not perform any experiments on web 2.0 can learn things from already implemented organizations which is a quicker way for learning things with out failure. Open access and use of contents : The core advantage of Web 2.0 is openness and heavy availability of content to anyone. This allows creativity for the users and easy for finding things available with tagging. The information should be search engine friendly and this content should be easy to catch in search engines also. Design of institution as platform for knowledge sharing: This is main aspect in Web 2.0 technology. Institutions should allow users to post knowledge related information from both internal and external users of the organization platform. This allows users to show creativity and helps in finding new solutions for problems. This will also lower cost for innovation. The external development of web 2.0 tools would reduce considerably the costs of IT infrastructure and software. This will also help in fastening knowledge sharing. References: Freire, Juan (2008). Universities and Web 2.0: Institutional challenges. eLearning Papers N º 8. ISSN: 1887-1542 The adoption of a web 2.0 approach to learning in universities is a complex process confronting important technological, managerial and human barriers, and an adaptive strategy is needed that could be designed from previous experiences of educational, research and business organizations. This strategy could include the following lines: Learning from previous and on-going experiences, before developing a priori technology and protocols inside the institutions. Both lead users inside the organization and other organizations adopting web 2.0 tools and paradigms should be especially useful. Opening the access and use of contents. Web 2.0 is especially useful and creative when knowledge is digitized, modular and allowed to be used and distributed in a flexible way. Designing organizations as open platforms for knowledge creation and sharing, both among members of the internal community and with the participation of external users. References: Freire, Juan (2008). Universities and Web 2.0: Institutional challenges. eLearning Papers N º 8. ISSN: 1887-1542 Paul Anderson (Feb 2007) : JISC Technology and Standards Watch John Seely Brown and Richard P. Adler : Minds of Fire open education, the long tail, web 2.0 Web 2.0 Uses in universities: Research Questions: What is the significance of web 2.0 in universities? How universities are getting benefited from Web 2.0 technologies? How many universities are using web 2.0 to collaborate their classrooms? What are those? How many universities are using Facebook to communicate with students? How can use twitter to collaborate notice board? Can we use Youtube for video demonstrations? How universities are using Secondlife to conduct virtual classrooms? Is virtual classroom really beneficial for the student to learn? How blogs are helpful for universities? What is the use of Slideshare in the process of learning? Can we use web 2.0 applications in mobiles or PDAs? How can we leverage advertising programs to web 2.0? Summary: Chapter 1 presents the basic introduction and background of Web 2.0 technologies in which I explained briefly about Web 2.0. Research questions are also phrases in this chapter. This chapter will give better idea of web 2.0 technologies. Chapter 2 demonstrates about literature review in which the concept of Web 2.0 is explained clearly. I presented brief introduction about Facebook, Blogger, Youtube and other web 2.0 applications. Organizational uses of Computer mediated environments is an sub chapter included in the chaper 2 Chapter 3 gives an idea of different research methodologies where I presented different methods to do a research study. I also included survey with a Web 2.0 user and I resolved solution for my research study. Chapter 4 demonstrates findings like how web 2.0 is getting used by organizations. I concluded my research with chapter 5 with my opinions about Web 2.0 in Organizations. Literature Review: World before Web 2.0 : Before 2003, the world looked to be to be semi connected. We used to check static sites and emails on the internet. Even though we had emails and websites, the world looked to be semi connected. Assuming if we had started a business and update in our website, it used to get days to reach people about update as there was no proper network between people and the only connectivity between them is emails. In that situation, suppose if we want updated content, then it may take 1-2 weeks to get indexed by search engines and used to appear after a week time in search engines. There was no question of possibility to collaborate their businesses in those days. That was the problem of huge organizations and we can estimate small and middle level organizations about that. In that situation people used to depend on website administrators only for the site updates. In that the system is manual in such a way that, whole system used to depend on single or multiple persons for updating. No one knows when site will get updated and they need to check back for intimations. WEB 2.0 : Introduction : Web 2.0 is a set of economic, social, and technology trends that collectively form the basis for the next generation of the Internet—a more mature, distinctive medium characterized by user participation, openness, and network effects. (OReilly Radar) Web 2.0 has been described as an attitude not a technology by Davis (2005). We can call Web 2.0 as social revolution or social networking in which people will form a network of own interests and get intimations about them within seconds. In this way of social networking, any information could get pass with out delay. According to OReilly, Paul Graham and Dion HinchCliffe, who are WEB 2.0 creators. Web 2.0 is here and it is big; Architecture of Participation, the Network Effect (social network), and Harnessing the collective intelligence are fundamentally new and different from web 1.0; Web 2.0 is more about a paradigm shift in how people use the web, less about new technology. Web 2.0 is not based on a technology shift, but rather a usage Paradigm shift There are also people who argue Web 2.0 is functionally similar to Web 1.0 and there is have no difference. But we should agree the fact that people accepted Web 2.0 very well and are using in their daily routine. Fundamental Difference between Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 is before 2003 we used to operate internet for websites and emails. The websites were been modified by the owners itself and people will not get any intimations for the modifications performed on that website. People must run an application in their client system to access anything. (like ms outlook for emails). That made things complex and people got bored of their non-participation. Revolution of social networking sites totally changed the way that people think. We need not install software in client system to access applications. Those applications will get installed in the server itself and can be accessible in any system using browser. Web 2.0 has changed entire world of communication and people started blogging and other networking , People who got waxed with non participation started social networking in their own way. Web 2.0 technologies like Youtube, myspace, facebook, flicker, blogs, RSS, Second life have came into limelight, People started creating their indentity in several web 2.0 websites and started growing their network with the help of communities. Web 2.0 has enlarged in such a way that major companies like google, Microsoft, yahoo started buying Web 2.0 sites like youtube, myspace for millions. Core advantage in collaborating businesses using Web 2.0 is a single line of publishing will blast information to thousands of people which lead to quic k updating and ultimately reaches goal of targeting people for sales as well as support. Limitations with Web 1.0 Technology: Web 1.0 was meant for the purpose of viewing HTML documents and file sharing (FTP). That was not pretty good for some important functionality like Interactivity: This is very important for web applications especially for dynamic web applications. We may need auto refresh content grabbed from database which will help people in getting updated content within seconds. As this type of interactivity is very important for applications and Web 1.0 got failed in this feature which supports click and page refresh only. One Way communication : Web 1.0 supports only single way communication as phone call system in such a way that client has to pull data from server if he wants and server wont push any data automatically with out client interaction. That might be good methodology and it did not suited us in viewing automated content. This type of communication has inspired for the development of AJAX, which is one of Web 2.0 technologies. Using AJAX we can initiate two way communication which actually works as client pull as well as server push. Lack of Data Reliability: Actually in business applications we need to send and get data safely from server to client and vice versa. There should not occur lose of packets which sends data from source to destination. So using web 1.0 technology there are some limitations which could not guarantee safe journey of packets from source to destination. Mobile browsing non supportability: Applications developed using Web 1.0 could not be loaded in mobile browsers (which is called WAP browsing). This is another limitation for Web 1.0 technology. Even though we need to go more ahead than Web 2.0 to utilize WAP services effectively, we have achieved a bit in case of Web 2.0 technology. (Using Web 2.0 technology also we could not achieve things like video upload etc, but we can view websites) Lack of support for Rich user experience : Web 1.0 will not support rich user experience and we need toi refresh every time to check the content. Say if we want to signup for email account, it used to take 5 minutes at least (as we did used to check username will server every time). Now if we want to signup it will not take more than a minute. Benefits of Web 2.0 Technology: Web 2.0 technologies is widely used in peer to peer networks, social networks, web blogs, forums etc. More benefits of Web 2.0 technologies are Acceleration: It accelerates the performance of web applications and could transfer data very fast from server to client system and the data will be very much reliable. Good User Interaction: Web 2.0 supports great user interaction in such a way that user could navigate through options very easily. Simple and great way of publicizing things: This could be achieved using Web 2.0 technology with the help of social networks, blogs, forums, Second life. Cheap way of advertising things: Generally if we want to advertise things on electronic media, it may cost several dollars, but when we use Web 2.0 technologies like web blogs, social networks we can reach thousands of people with just a dollar cost. Several solutions for single problem: We can find several solutions for single problem posted, which got posted in networking sites, web blogs etc. I tried learning ASP.NET few months back in that situation I got struck about initiation into programming. Then I used facebook, orkut communities for solution where I got at least 30 responses in 24 hours time from people who are anonymous to me. Easy way to collaborate business: Using Web 2.0 technology we can collaborate businesses which leads to finding new solutions. People can find solutions for the real life problems using virtual ways. Leveraging Business: We can leverage our business using these of web 2.0 tools like facebook, orkut, Second life. Main thing that leverages business will be instant messaging like RSS feeds. One of my friends got benefited in stock market because of RSS news where he gets every second updated news about listed companies in NASDAQ. Easy Online Presence: This is the revolution which is been showing impact in the development of web 2.0 technology. We are enjoying benefits of Web 2.0 technology in such a way that we can purchase things online using web hops such as ebay showcase etc. Is Web 2.0 an end for web development? : Absolutely NO Web 2.0 is not an end for Web development techniques. We do have many other things to be implemented on portable devices such as mobiles. They can be implemented in advanced technology of Web 2.0 only and we are assuming that to be Web 3.0 technology, let us wait until we got things more sophisticated. Mean while we can research for more Web 2.0 applications while will help businesses to collaborate them. Computer Mediated Environment (CMEs): What is CME: Different environment that are set about by computers is called computer mediated environments. In other words, if two computers are connected each other through a means of computer then it can be called as Computer Mediated Environment. General internet applications like emails, chats, social networks are examples for CMEs. Suppose a person in India is in contact with a person in United Kingdom through computers, then it can be called as Computer Mediated Environment. Here the media is computer so we are calling as computer mediated environment. Basic internet communication environment using applications like emails, chats can also be categorized into Computer Mediated Environment. Reference : Communications of the Association for Information Systems (Volume 15, 2005) 82-91 Impact of Web 2.0 on CMEs : Every system which are connected through systems are termed to be computer mediated environment. Also server to personal computer environment can also be stated as CME and websites can be categorized into that. With the adoption of web 2.0 technologies the nature of CMEs have entirely changed and people started using computer mediated environments as frequent as they can, which is the main reason of Web 2.0 revolution. People started using internet very well and so applications like mails, chat, video streaming etc. Web 2.0 got its importance in combining all the applications on a single platform. We have improved functionalities on a single platform in such a way that we can login into a website, email friends, chat with them with out using separate software installation, participate in community discussions, view videos, have conversation about my desertion project etc. All the above things can be handled with out need of separate account logins. This could be possible using web 2. 0 only. Thus Web 2.0 changed the way people deal with internet. Also Web 2.0 technologies made human to depend for any kind of solution. Facebook : Facebook is the social networking website which was started in the year 2004. Mark Zuckerberg is the Founder, who started his facebook empire in Massachussetts, USA. The head quarters is located in California, USA. More than 900 people are being employed in Facebook Inc. Main features of Facebook: Facebook is the social networking website where users are interconnected to each other on single platform. That platform is nothing but Facebook. Not only user to user connectivity, but also have organization to user connectivity, which helps in leveraging business techniques. Users need to signup with facebook in order to use services from facebook website. Organizations can also start their own groups to which they can send invitations to users and subscribed users will get updates from moderator of the particular group(or community). The above is most interesting factor about facebook and the most helpful thing for businesses and we shall discuss about this in our next chapter. In facebook there are other options like walls, where we can post our ads which will be displayed to other users. News feeds are also helpful for users in facebook, in which users will get automatic updates like profile changes, event updates from their friends. Facebook also prov ides image hosting, where we can get unlimited photos to host. Another option called tagging which will be available to tag(mark) things using keywords. This option will be most useful one to identify things quickly by other users. Many of the universities have their organizational groups in facebook (organizational groups are referred to as official groups) and friends group is referred to as student groups (these groups are been maintained by friends only for intercommunication). The main source of income for Facebook Inc is through banner ads and text ads. We can also send virtual gifts to other users. There is another option called chatting to chat with other users and poking option to poke users. Another important feature here in facebook is posting classified ads. Users can post classified ads in facebook for free of cost. This feature is very much useful for small businesses. Facebook started itself as simple graphical interface(only with text) and have grown to fully graphic al interface. About 11 months back, facebook started its profile linking with customized name like www.facebook.com/satishkakollu Facebook can also been viewed on other mobile devices also. Facebook has its own applications developed by its development team as well as voluntary contributors who contribute applications developed by their own. We can make some communication interfaces very ease using those applications. Facebook has their portal in different languages including Thai, Chinese, Punjabi, Telugu, Tamil and many more. Sources: Eldon, Eric. 2008 Growth Puts Facebook In Better Position to Make Money. VentureBeat. http://venturebeat.com/2008/12/18/2008-growth-puts-facebook-in-better-position-to-make-money/. Facebook frowns on buddy-buyer company, By The New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/facebook_frowns_on_buddy_buyer_company_DixVGIpAnBGuoWCeMqt5QJ http://www.alleyinsider.com/2008/10/zuckerberg-facebook-will-have-a-business-plan-in-three-years http://developers.facebook.com/news.php Second Life: Second life.com is a virtual world website developed by Linden Lab in the year 2003. This website is accessible through specific software called Second life viewer. Residents can explore, meet other residents, socialize, participate in the activities of individuals and groups, and create and trade virtual property and services to cope with, or running around the world, which residents call the grid. Second Life, people over 18 years old, and young people who for the second life 13 to 17 years of age. Features of Second Life : Second life can be viewed via Second life viewer software only. Users will be termed as residents and they will communicate with each other using customized avatars. Secondlife viewer will accept keyboard strokes only and we can fly from one region to another region using keyboard keys. There are several options like that and we can explore a lot of things using second life. Residents are of different types both free and paid. Now a days second life is charging $9.95 for paid members and comparing to free member it has advanced options. We can virtually reside in any place of the world which is the new concept of web 2.0. We can purchase things using Linden Dollar, this is the specialized currency in secondlife where we can purchase land ownership, islands etc. We can also purchase surname of the user, so that user can choose ours in the surname of their username as surname must be choosen from available username and business can purchase surnames to make th em available to students. There are many opportunities for innovation and profit in the world, Second Life, because in the real world. To open a shop, sell gadgets, become a land speculation, the choice is you can make. Many residents are part or all of their real life income second life business. We can find different types of environments in Second life, some of them are Dancer, Musician, Editor, Player, Landscape etc. We can join in that particular environment. Business in Second Life: We can do business in Second life like buying properties and maintaining our own organizations. We can maintain virtual classrooms and also can give presentations over there. Secondlife also helps in providing good market place for our businesses and many of the universities (mainly business schools and Top Companies) are already been there to satisfy their demand. I did observed companies like IBM having their virtual space there. Sources : https://wiki.secondlife.com/wiki/User:Philip_Linden http://tleinsl.com/index.htm http://nwn.blogs.com/nwn/2009/03/million.html http://slurl.com/secondlife/Virtual%20Estonia/140/111/57/ Blogger: Blogger was started by Pyra Labs in August 1999 in San Francisco. Even though those days were boomed with dotcom revolution, they faced problems in getting them selves funded by venture capitalists. Using blogger, We can publish our voice for free and as simple as mailing, this is the core advantage of web 2.0 and in the previous case (in web 1.0 we must be aware of html code atleast to modify a website). With this the revoultion of easeness in web 2.0 technologies started. we can maintain our website for free of cost using blogger which comes with www.ourname.blogger.com (also www.ourname.blogspot.com after google purchased blogger). Simple user interface is the positive aspect for blogger.com where we can post our content using simple admin panel within seconds. We can use custom templates for our website. We can even upload our template to that website. We can easily make search engines to index our site easily. This is another core advantage of blogger and because of the same reason, many businesses have their blogs to communicate with people. Time stamping feature make blogger more popular, as user can know what is going on in those blog with time. Actually to upload photoes and videos to our website, it will take alot of coding work when we use web 1.0 but using blog

Stephen King :: biographies bio biography

Stephen Edwin King was born in Portland, Maine in 1947, the second son of Donald and Nellie Ruth Pillsbury King. After his parents separated when Stephen was a toddler, he and his older brother, David, were raised by his mother. Parts of his childhood were spent in Fort Wayne, Indiana, where his father's family was at the time, and in Stratford, Connecticut. When Stephen was eleven, his mother brought her children back to Durham, Maine, for good. Her parents, Guy and Nellie Pillsbury, had become incapacitated with old age, and Ruth King was persuaded by her sisters to take over the physical care of the elderly couple. Other family members provided a small house in Durham and financial support. After Stephen's grandparents passed away, Mrs. King found work in the kitchens of Pineland, a nearby residential facility for the mentally challenged. Stephen attended the grammar school in Durham and then Lisbon Falls High School, graduating in 1966. From his sophomore year at the University of Maine at Orono, he wrote a weekly column for the school newspaper, THE MAINE CAMPUS. He was also active in student politics, serving as a member of the Student Senate. He came to support the anti-war movement on the Orono campus, arriving at his stance from a conservative view that the war in Vietnam was unconstitutional. He graduated from the University of Maine at Orono in 1970, with a B.A. in English and qualified to teach on the high school level. A draft board examination immediately post-graduation found him 4-F on grounds of high blood pressure, limited vision, flat feet, and punctured eardrums. He and Tabitha Spruce married in January of 1971. He met Tabitha in the stacks of the Fogler Library at the University of Maine at Orono, where they both worked as students. As Stephen was unable to find placement as a teacher immediately, the Kings lived on his earnings as a laborer at an industrial laundry, and her student loan and savings, with an occasional boost from a short story sale to men's magazines. Stephen made his first professional short story sale ("The Glass Floor") to Startling Mystery Stories in 1967. Throughout the early years of his marriage, he continued to sell stories to men's magazines. Many of these were later gathered into the Night Shift collection or appeared in other anthologies. In the fall of 1971, Stephen began teaching high school English classes at Hampden Academy, the public high school in Hampden, Maine.

Classical and Contemporary Management

International Information Technology University| Classical and Contemporary Management |   Introduction The world of managing people and processes continues to change dramatically. Managers are faced with the conflicting challenges of understanding and motivating an increasingly diverse workforce, being open and accountable to a wide variety of stakeholders, planning for the future in an increasingly changing environment and considering the ethical implications of decision-making.Nevertheless there is a basis of knowledge that was experienced in the years of production boom which is called classical theory of management. In this paper I will describe them both and provide advantages and drawbacks of each. The Classical School of Management The classical school is the oldest formal school of management. Its begins to develop from the 20th century. The classical school of management generally concerns ways to manage work and organizations more efficiently. Three areas of study that c an be grouped under the classical school are: scientific management, administrative management, and bureaucratic management.The classical school of management has sought to define the essence of management in the form of universal fundamental functions. These, it was hoped, would form the cognitive basis for a set of relevant skills to be acquired, by all would-be managers through formal education. Body of the classical school's management thought was based on the belief that employees have only economical and physical needs, and that social needs and need for job-satisfaction either don't exist or are unimportant.Accordingly, this school advocates high specialization of labor, centralized decision making, and profit maximization. See also behavioral school of management, contingency school of management, quantitative school of management, and systems school of management. The classical management theory is a school of management in which theorists delved into how to find the best p ossible way for workers to perform their tasks. The classical management theory is divided into two branches, the classical scientific and the classical administrative. Also consider reading this: Advantages and Disadvantages of Administrative ManagementThe classical scientific branch comes from the scientific mindset of attempting to increase productivity. During the height of the classical scientific theory, theorists would use almost mechanical methods towards labor and organization to achieve goals of productivity and efficiency. Some of the basic techniques of the classical scientific theory include creating standardized methods for a task and dividing work between employees equally. On the other hand, the classical administrative theory focuses on how management can be organized to achieve productivity.Henri Fayol, a leading figure in management theory, devised several management theories geared towards efficiency, such as creating a unified direction among managers, centralization, and discipline. Other management theories focused on building team confidence, such as establishing teamwork, using initiative, and equity. Strengths of Classical Management Theory Current management organization and structure can find much of its roots from the classical management theory. One of the main advantages of the classical management theory was to devise a methodology for how management should operate.Management principles devised during this period can be seen as a foundation for current management behavior today, such as serving as a force of authority and responsibility. In addition, another benefit of the classical management theory is the focus on division of labor. By dividing labor, tasks could be completed more quickly and efficiently, thus allowing productivity to increase. Division of labor can be seen in many applications today, ranging from fast food restaurants to large production facilities.In addition, the classical management theory also gave rise to an autocratic leadership style, allowing employees to take direction and command from their managers. Weaknesses of the Classical Management Theories Classical theories and the principles derived from them continue to be popular today with some modifications. Many criticisms have been directed at the classicists. Several major ones are discussed here. Reliance on experience – many of the writers in the classical school of management developed their ideas on the basis of their experiences as managers or consultants with only certain types of organizations.For instance, Taylor's and Fayol's work came primarily from their experiences with large manufacturing firms that were experiencing stable environments. It may be unwise to generalize from those situations to others especially to young, high-technology firms of today that are confronted daily with changes in their competitors' products. Untested assumptions – Many of the assumptions made by classical writers were based not on scientific tests but on value judgments that expressed what they believed to be proper life-styles, moral codes, and attitudes toward success.For instance, the classical approaches seem to view the life of a worker as beginning and ending at the plant door. Their basic assumption is that workers are primarily motivated by money and that they work only for more money. They also assume that productivity is the best measure of how well a firm is performing. These assumptions fail to recognize that employees may have wants and needs unrelated to the workplace or may view their jobs only as a necessary evil. Failure of considering the informal organization.In their stress on formal relationships in the organization, classical approaches tend to ignore informal relations as characterized by social interchange among workers, the emergence of group leaders apart from those specified by the formal organization, and so forth. When such things are not considered, it is likely that many important factors affecting satisfaction and performance, such as letting employees participate in decision making and task planning, will never be explored or tried.U nintended consequences – classical approaches aim at achieving high productivity, at making behaviors predictable, and at achieving fairness among workers and between managers and workers; yet they fail to recognize that several unintended consequences can occur in practice. For instance, a heavy emphasis on rules and regulations may cause people to obey rules blindly without remembering their original intent. Oftentimes, since rules establish a minimum level of performance expected of employees, a minimum level is all they achieve. Perhaps much more could be achieved if the rules were not so explicit.Human machinery classical theories leave the impression that the organization is a machine and that workers are simply parts to be fitted into the machine to make it run efficiently. Thus, many of the principles are concerned first with making the organization efficient, with the assumption that workers will conform to the work setting if the financial incentives are agreeable. Static conditions – organizations are influenced by external conditions that often fluctuate over time, yet classical management, theory presents an image of an organization that is not shaped by external influences.Since many of these criticisms of the classical school are harsh, several points need to be made in defense of writers during this period. First, the work force was not highly educated or trained to perform many of the jobs that existed at the time. It was not common for workers to think in terms of what â€Å"career† they were going to pursue. Rather, for many, the opportunity to obtain a secure job and a level of wages to provide for their families was all they demanded from the work setting. Second, much of the writing took place when technology was undergoing a rapid transformation, particularly in the area of manufacturing.Indeed, for many writers, technology was the driving force behind organizational and social change. Thus, their focus was on findin g ways to increase efficiency. It was assumed that all humankind could do was to adapt to the rapidly changing conditions. Finally, very little had been done previously in terms of generating a coherent and useful body of management theory. Many of the classical theorists were writing from scratch, obliged for the most part to rely on their own experience and observations. Thus their focus is understandably narrow.The Classical School of Management was effectively the first coherent set of theoretical perspectives about organization and management covering Scientific Management, Administrative Management and Structuralized Management. As we know, F. W. Taylor, Henri Fayol, and Max Weber are outstanding contributors of Classical School of management thought who made great contribution and laid a foundation for contemporary management. Contemporary Management The world of managing people and processes continues to change dramatically.Managers are faced with the conflicting challenges of understanding and motivating an increasingly diverse workforce, being open and accountable to a wide variety of stakeholders, planning for the future in an increasingly changing environment and considering the ethical implications of decision-making. Contemporary Management  offers a fresh and integrative view of the manager in the workplace in line with this changing environment. It views the manager as a person, working with people and within an organization, and holding values and ethics.As such, modern issues such as diversity, cultural change and global management are given careful attention. Management is an integrated and sometimes intricate balance of dealing with people within an organizational context. The year that the modern management theory was born was 1911. This year was the year that Frederick Winslow Taylor published his book  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Principles of Scientific Management†,  where he describes the theory of scientific management which is the use of the scientific method to define the â€Å"one best way† for a job to be done.Taylor is known as the father of scientific management. He was a mechanical engineer with a Quaker Puritan background and was appalled at the inefficiency of workers. Employees used different techniques to do the same job. Taylor set out to correct the situation by applying the scientific method to jobs on the shop floor. Organizations can be viewed as two or more people coordinate and combine in use of their knowledge as well as technique for the purpose of accomplishing common objectives that transform resources into goods and service which are needed by consumers.Organizational behavior refers to the systematic study that primarily access influence of individuals, groups and structure on interior organizational conducts in order that organizational effectiveness can be improved and perceived. Taylor wanted to create a mental revolution among the workers and management by defining clear guidelines for improving production efficiency. He defined four principles of management which are: 1. Develop a science for each element of an individual's work, which replaces the old rule of thumb method. . Scientifically select and the train, teach, and develop the worker. 3. Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done according to the principles of the science that has been developed. 4. Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers. Taylor argued that following these principles would benefit both management and workers. Workers would earn more pay, and management more profits.Using scientific management techniques, Taylor was able to define the one best way for doing each job. Then, he could select the right people for the job and train them to do it precisely in this one best way. TO motivate workers, he favored incentive wage plans. Overall, Taylor ach ieved improvements in productivity of 200 per cent or more. He stated that the role of managers is to plan and control, and that of workers to perform as they were instructed. On the other hand, the classical administrative theory focuses on how management can be organized to achieve productivity.Henri Fayol, a leading figure in management theory, devised several management theories geared towards efficiency, such as creating a unified direction among managers, centralization, and discipline. Other management theories focused on building team confidence, such as establishing teamwork, using initiative, and equity. General administrative theorists are writers who developed general theories of what managers do and what constitutes good management practice. For example, the functional view of the manager's job owes its origin to Henry Fayol. They became a frame of reference against which many current concepts have evolved.Conclusion In this paper I have described both schools of manage ment and their advantages and disadvantages, as well as their features and fields of use. Some of them are not used in modern days, some are still actual for us. Anyway those fields of science are developing dramatically from day to day, so may be in next 10 years the modern school of management would be considered as classical. References: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/classical-school-of-management. html http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/classical-school-of-management. tml â€Å"Realist Perspectives on Management and Organisations† by Stephen Ackroyd, Steve Fleetwood http://www. en. articlesgratuits. com/weaknesses-of-the-classical-management-theories-id1592. php http://blog. sina. com. cn/s/blog_4a9ea3cc0100085l. html http://www. enotes. com/management-encyclopedia/management-thought Organisation and Management of Health Care, April 2002, Version 2. 0 , Main Contributor: Katie Enock, Public Health Specialist, Harrow Primary Care Trust www. hea lthknowledge. org. uk Henri Rayol Industrial and General Administration, J. A. Caubrough, trans. (Geneva nternational Management Institute, 1930)